雅思口语movies问题范文 雅思口语考试的相关知识点

雅思换题月每一次更换的题目大概是淘汰30%到40%的旧题，并且补充相应数量的新题，大家在备考雅思口语的时候，一定要根据雅思口语话题的变化来变更自己的机经版本。下面是我搜集整理的关于雅思口语之有趣的电影的资料，欢迎查阅。

雅思口语之有趣的电影

Describe your favorite movie

You should say ：

when and where you saw it

what type of film it was

what the film was about

and explain why it is your favorite film

参考 范文 ：

My favorite movie is Zootopia(疯狂动物城) ，which is a 3D animated cartoon produced by Walt Disney pictures. I watched it with my best friend in thecinema in March this year when it was on show in China. It is a story about that in a city where all animals live in harmony ，the rabbit Judy became a policewoman through her own efforts ， realizing her dream in childhood.

The reason that I like this movie is that the Bonnie Judy tried her best to become a cop even if everyone thought it was ridiculous and impossible. Miss Judy ，however， finally made it brilliantly and perfectly. The way that she became a cop went through ups and downs(经历人生起起伏伏)，she also almost gave up in the duration. But her friend Mr. Fox pulled her through (渡过难关) I feel that when someone is suffering his or her tough time ， it is really important he or she could be supported by their friends or families who just like life savers at that time. Moreover ，I was deeply moved by the theme song named Try Everything ，which is really positive and awesome and it can cheer me up when I come to a standstill ( 停滞不前 ) or in a trouble. "I won't give up no I won't give in. Till I reach the end and then I'll start again. NO I won't leave I wanna try everything I wanna try even though I could fail " The lyrics encourage me to be more brave and confident when facing difficulties. So that is my favorite movie, which is determined to fulfill my aspirations ，extremely impressive and touching.

关于电影的雅思口语话题

1.Do you like to watch movies?

Yes, I do like watching movies. It is a past time for me. During my leisure hours, I watch movies.

2.What sort of movies you mostly like?

Well, I watch movies of almost all genres. But I prefer to watch the Science Fiction genre than the other movies as those sorts of movies attract me most.

3.Do you have a particular favourite?

Umm! My taste is not confined with the Science fiction movies only. I like watching classic movies with nice plot and directions. If I have to pick the movie that I enjoyed most, I would go for Casablanca which was a romantic movie and probably one of the best movies of all time.

4.Who is your favourite actor?

This is a significant question for me. There are several actors whom I admire most but I’d prefer Al Pacino. To me, he is a perfectly perfect hero who can suit himself in every character he deals with. Some of the characters he played in are unforgettable and have significant impact on the viewers.

雅思口语话题描述一部电影

Ok, a popular movie I have watched is called Raise the Red Lanterns. Basically, it's a tragedy, and I first saw the movie in 1989, about two years after it was released. I saw it on video, and I watched it with a group of my friends.

I first saw this movie because a friend of mine said it was very artistic and even kind of eerie. Since I like those kinds of films, I decided to see it. I remember how fascinated I was with the film.

Well, basically it was about a young bride who becomes a concubine and finds out that there are a lot of inner politics going on among the concubines, and she gets caught up in it and even accidentally causes the death of one of the wives. She tries to fight against it all, and as she does, things just seem to get worse and worse. She finds out that there is one concubine in particular who is behind most of her problems.

The story deals with the whole theme of repression and its effect on people. Mainly it's about how repression can drive some people to cruelty and madness.

I think the impact this story had on me was it taught me that there are situations that are so bad for people that the best thing to do is either get out or be swallowed up by it. After seeing this movie, I decided to quit my job and do what I really wanted because I realized that my job would only drive me crazy if I continued with it.

雅思口语考试中的8不要盘点

请不要裸考

很多同学在雅思的备考过程中，很重视笔试科目的准备即听力、阅读和写作，但是，常常因缺乏备考时间或不愿意开口练习，导致口语的备考并不充足。或者，还有部分同学有这样的误区，他们认为口语考试的题目千变万化，并预测不到，即使认真准备的话题也不一定会被考到，到了考场上还是得靠“自由发挥”，所以干脆还不如裸考口语，一来可以腾出更多时间复习笔试科目，二来说不定侥幸遇到自己熟悉的话题，分数也不一定过低。

其实，以上只是我们对于雅思口语备考的误区。需要澄清的是，首先，口语题目并不是千变万化，无规律可循的。雅思口语考试的题目一年一般只有三次大的变化，分别在每年的1月、5月和9月。也就是说，雅思口语的题库被自然的分为1-4月题库，5-8题库和9-12月题库。

每一个题库的周期内，雅思话题的变化度是相对稳定的。有了相对稳定的题库，同学们若能围绕精准的题库全面认真的准备好口语答案和素材，怎么会“不一定被考到”呢?最后，就是通过不断的开口练习，练熟你的答案。

小贴士：

那么，我们整理下口语备考的基本三部曲：1、搜集题库。2、针对题库，准备口语答案和素材。3、反复的口头练习。说到这里，有些同学会开始担心，自己搜集的题库不准确，亦或是自己准备的口语素材不够丰富。我们想说的是，不用担心，我们的老师们会定期整理每个季度的口语题库，并及时更新话题素材，所以如果你不确定的话，欢迎你来咨询新东方的雅思老师们哦。总之，雅思口语裸考是要不得的。

请不要在答题时不停的想用“高级词汇”或难词

所谓“高级词汇”，它的特点明显：1、生活口语中中国学生可能不太容易想到或用上;2、比较地道的口语表达方式。比如，说到美丽时，用gorgeous取代beautiful，说到安静时用tranquil取代quiet。那么，这里的“gorgeous”和“tranquil”相当于相对难的词。这样的词，到底该不该在口语考试中出现?

答案是肯定的。在口语答案中，适当的时候能正确的使用高级词汇是词汇评分标准中的高分要求，但有的同学易“走火入魔“，想拼命把自己积累的所有高级词汇都用到答案中去，更有甚者，为了想出一个所谓“高大上“的词，停顿了十几秒都没说话，就得不偿失了。事实上，如果你的口语分数要求≤6分的话，是不需要用到”高级词汇“的。

小贴士：

能适当的选择词汇正确表达出自己的意思，才是基础。

请不要停顿太长或”er“得太多

如果你在口语考场上不幸卡了壳，你可以停顿，但请不要超过3秒钟。不信的话，大家可以和你旁边的小伙伴聊天时做个试验，两个人的聊天中，停顿时间一旦超过3秒钟，会产生某种程度的尴尬感，和考官的”聊天“也不例外。当然更重要的是，你的流利度这项标准的评分将会因长时间的停顿受影响。同样，”er”太多次，也易显得考生讲话不流利，因此分数也会受到影响。

小贴士：

停顿约3秒钟后，必须开口说话，尝试举个例子证明下前面所说的观点，或者把前面讲的那句话paraphrase(同义转述)都是常用的应急方案。

请不要死记硬背口语答案

还有一类同学，由于经受”各类考试的训练“，养成了”易紧张，但 记忆力 好“的体质。于是，会选择熟背雅思口语答案，尤其是Part2的答案。他们认为背了口语段子，在考场上总不至于哑口无言了吧。殊不知，雅思考官们也是”身经百战“的，你的”演技“好也罢，如果你背答案时露出各种背答案的表情和神态，如不自觉看天花板，不自觉重复上一句话等，甚至很不幸你的内容和用词与上一位考生的相似度达99%，你觉得考官还会给你高分吗?

小贴士：

可以借鉴参考书或口语课堂上老师们 总结 的口语段子，但需要稍加修改，灵活变通成适合自己的词汇水平、认知水平或生活经历的段落。只记忆段落中关键的语言点，考场上使用时，大可不必照搬原句，能把关键得分的语言点和大意讲出即可。重点是要讲得自然，流利。

请不要在Part1中惜字如金

有的同学，可能由于平时话就不多，或者考场上紧张，内心独白：”从来没和一个金发碧眼的外教如此近距离的聊过“，所以考试时出现以下场景，

考官：”where is your hometown?“

考生：”Wuhan“

考官：”Do you like your hometown?“

考生：”Yes.“

考官：”Why?“

考生：”beautiful.“

这样的对话在雅思口语考试中是要不得的。

小贴士：

请以 句子 为单位回答问题。虽然Part1的考题有的很简单，但是也不要只回答一句话或一个词。Part1中每个小问题的句数可控制在3-5句话。

请不要在Part2的1min准备时什么都不写

雅思口试的第二部分，是要求考生说一段2分钟的指定话题的独白。说之前，可以有1分钟时间构思和准备。遗憾的是，很多同学，尤其是没有参加雅思培训的，或第一次口试的，由于紧张，在考场上并没有充分的用好这1分钟准备时间。他们会选择发呆，头脑一片空白，或没有章法的记笔记。

小贴士：

首先，需要明确的是：这1分钟确实是要做笔记的。一来可以缓解你的紧张情绪，让你快速进入到题目中。二来可以让考官觉得你的答案是现场想的，没有太多死记硬背的痕迹。

这1分钟的合理分配和利用也很重要。对于话题卡的处理，建议大家：

10s---确定你要讲的话题对象。

45s---处理话题卡上的提示问题。(想到观点只写关键词在草稿上)

5s---调整情绪，做好答题准备。

请不要在Part2答题时讲到1分钟就放弃

Part2的答题时间，要求为2分钟。这也是令很多考雅思口语的同学头疼的部分。很多同学觉得自己回答不满2分钟，最多1分半，哪怕是用中文。可是，如果你只讲1分钟，恐怕考官会怀疑你由于词汇或语法的问题，导致你不能继续你的答案。或者，他不能找到足够多的语言点证据来证明你有某个分数段应该有的词汇或语法。因此，请在Part2讲满2分钟。

小贴士：

当你讲到1分30秒，实在无话可说时，想想能否用“展望未来”、举例子或paraphrase(同义转述)，下结论，来撑满最后的30秒。

请不要答非所问

雅思口语考试中，审题非常关键。尤其在Part3中，很多问题题干都较长，加上有些考官会有口音，所以你需要在前半段考试的简单问题对答的环节，快速适应考官的发音和语速特点，保证自己在Part3遇到长问题时，能一次性听懂考官的问题。如若没听懂，不要慌，可以礼貌地请求：”Sorry, could you please repeat that question?”但请切记，不要根据自己听到的似懂非懂的题干中的只言片语，揣测意思后，就开始自己回答，因为这时你的回答可能是偏题的。而偏题的答案回答的再好，也是无效的。扣题是基础。

小贴士：

再次确认考官问题的问句：

Sorry, could you please repeat that question?

Sorry，could you rephrase your quesiton?

雅思口语之有趣的电影相关 文章 ：

★ 雅思口语话题最喜欢的电影

★ 雅思口语part2范文:谈一部你喜欢的电影

★ 雅思口语话题素材:讨厌的电影

★ 雅思口语描述一种植物

★ 雅思口语题库新题之Part2美丽城市

我没有酒，但是你得有故事（雅思口语）

下面，我们通过今年1-4月的口语穗缺粗话题，来给各位烤鸭们做个示范，展示一下到底应该如何讲故事。

Describe a special day that you went out but didn’t spend much money
You should say:
What day it was
Where you went
What you did
Who you were with
解读：这个题目是要求描述特殊的一天，但是并没有花什么钱。首先看到这个题目，大家脑子中就必须清晰的了解这个故事可不能扯什么开party过生日啊，去迪士尼啊，或者去哪里旅游啊等等，因为这些事情都得需要钱来解决。但同时又必须还是特殊的一天，所以这一天一定是非常有意义的，否则又没有任何意义，又没法花钱玩的爽，那这一天就不会特殊，更没有什么说的价值。这里对于这个话题，我们选择的素材就是年轻时候庆祝认识女朋友一周。为什么要年轻？因为那时候没什么收入，没钱。假如都工作了，庆祝周年纪念还不花钱的话，岂不是得被骂死？这个素材的选择还有一个理由就是扮巧意义。任何事物的尝试的第一次都是极有意义的。所以，这里选择的是跟前女友一周年纪念日。好了，这就是我们这个题目选材的框架。下一步是什么？圆。对，把这个故事给说圆了，说完整了。这时候，大家可以参考刚才的自我欺骗的方法想想看，如果我们想要听这样的一个故事，需要知道怎样的细节呢？
1. 怎么认识的？
2. 不花钱的话，周年纪念是怎么庆祝的？
3. 后来为什么分了？猜镇
当然，这只是个框架。在我们叙述故事的过程中，需要各种各样的细节来让这个故事变得完整。下面我们来看一下下面的sample answer.
Sample answer:
Well, the special day I am going to share with you is my first anniversary with my ex-girlfriend, when I was in the final year of my senior high school. Wow, now as I think about it, it was eight years ago. Time really does fly, doesn’t it? Anyway, we were living in the boarding school and everybody else was working their neck off, you know, to prepare for the college-entrance examination. The school teachers were worse than cops, keeping an eye on every student and literally banging on our heads the moment we slacked a bit. So my girlfriend and I didn’t really have chance to spend time together as a couple. But I was well aware of what would be waiting for me if I failed to celebrate the anniversary with her. So, on that very morning, we got up really early and snuck out of campus when the guards at the gate were changing duty. Yup, it’s precisely like what you see in movies, only better. Then, I took her to a large expanse of grassland, about twenty minutes’ walk from the campus. The place was ghostly quiet, one could hardly spot anyone else within a 2-mile radius. But that makes it a perfect place for couples on a date. As a student, because of the tight budget, I couldn’t take her to a fancy restaurant or Disneyland, where she always fancied. So to make it up to her, I decided to make this most memorable birthday for her by being the most romantic guy in the world. I took out all the love letters I previously wrote to her but kept neatly in an envelope and read it out loud to her in a way that sounded like a romantic poet.
Well, that lasted for a couple of hours, coz honestly, there is a whole pile of letters and she listened intently and never tried to interrupt me.
As night descended, we laid down on the grassland, cuddling her in my arms, staring at the starry night, talking a lot about our future together.
If you are wondering how we managed to sneak back to campus without being noticed, well, we didn’t. Of course the teachers found out and I was almost killed by my head teacher. But to be honest, at that moment, I felt it’s all worth it.
Don’t ask me why we broke up, let’s just say our destinies are not bound together. We will just leave it at that, shall we?

这就是这个题目的一个sample answer. 可能很多学生一看到这个故事感觉好长啊，说不完. 其实这里想要跟大家分享的这个故事并不需要说全部说完。这是我在编这个故事的时候，脑子里所浮现的画面，能让我觉得值得说的内容。我尽量用简单的语言去把这个故事完整的表述出来，但是每个学生看完这个故事的触点可能不同，那么大家完全可以把这个故事的内容当成一个原始素材，只要挑出你觉得好的，能够感人的，值得说的内容去组织起来就可以了。那么，这个故事里又有哪些细节呢？这里我们逐句进行分析。分析完了之后，考生们也就清楚到底哪些内容重要，哪些内容不重要了。
1． Well, the special day I am going to share with you is my first anniversary with my ex-girlfriend, when I was in the final year of my senior high school.
上来直接点题，介绍这一天的核心事件，跟谁，什么时间。这种基本信息给出来之后能让考官有一个清晰的概念和图片。因为如果考官一开始不明白要讲什么故事，后面会越听越糊涂
2． Wow, now as I think about it, it was eight years ago. Time really does fly, doesn’t it?
这是一个感慨。为什么要感慨呢？增加真实性。毕竟是讲与前女友/男友的故事，难道正常情况下不该感慨一下时间过得很快吗？
3． Anyway, we were living in the boarding school and everybody else was working their neck off, you know, to prepare for the college-entrance examination. The school teachers were worse than cops, keeping an eye on every student and literally banging on our heads the moment we slacked a bit. So my girlfriend and I didn’t really have chance to spend time together as a couple.
这里是做铺垫：通过描述平常不经常在一起，更能突显和反衬这个周年纪念日是多么的重要。当然，这里写的有点多，烤鸭们可以酌情精简。
4． But I was well aware of what would be waiting for me if I failed to celebrate the birthday with her.
这是添加点幽默元素，体现出来这个节不仅得过，而且得过隆重了。
5． So, on that very morning, we got up really early and snuck out of campus when the guards at the gate were changing duty. Yup, it’s precisely like what you see in movies, only better. Then, I took her to a large expanse of grassland, about twenty minutes’ walk from the campus. The place was ghostly quiet； one could hardly spot anyone else within a 2-mile radius. But that makes it a perfect place for couples on a date.
这里就是进入正题，描述这一天是怎么开始的。标黑部分都是细节描述，不仅增加故事的真实性，而且让考官脑子里能呈现出衣服比较清晰的图片，让考官身临其境一样，跟着故事的主线走。其中，Yup, it’s precisely like what you see in movies, only better.这句话联系电影，因为前面偷跑出来的情节有点假，那就不如直接说，比电影还好。
6． As a student, because of the tight budget, I couldn’t take her to a fancy restaurant or Disneyland, where she always fancied. So to make it up to her, I decided to make this most memorable birthday for her by being the most romantic guy in the world. I took out all the love letters I previously wrote to her but kept neatly in an envelope and read it out loud to her in a way that sounded like a romantic poet. Well, that lasted for a couple of hours, coz honestly, there is a whole pile of letters and she listened intently and never tried to interrupt me. As night descended, we laid down on the grassland, cuddling her in my arms, staring at the starry night, talking a lot about our future together.
这是比较关键的内容：先说钱的问题，因为这是题目要求的一部分，然后就是朗读情书。这部分细节建议考生最好不要省略，因为这是最关键的一部分。 其中Well, that lasted for a couple of hours, coz honestly, there is a whole pile of letters 这句话也是添加幽默成分，来形容自己情书写的真的很多。毕竟是anniversary, 需要一点爱的主题在故事中。
7． If you are wondering how we managed to sneak back to campus without being noticed, well, we didn’t. Of course the teachers found out and I was almost killed by my head teacher. But to be honest, at that moment, I felt it’s all worth it.
这是幽默与爱情结合的部分。如果考生语音语调把握不好，建议不说，要不然考官容易听不出来这种感情。
8． Don’t ask me why we broke up, let’s just say our destinies are not bound together. We will just leave it at that, shall we?
最后结尾部分。毕竟是前女友，总归要有一个closure. 这里烤鸭们可以自己编后面发生了什么，因为什么原因分手的。但是如果没有更好理由的话，建议就这么说。最后一句说完后，再好奇的考官，出于基本礼貌，也不会追问这个问题了。

这就是如何通过细节来展开一个故事，让故事有血有肉，非常生动。整篇范文里没有任何难词- 就算真的有，换成考生们认识的词，也不会对整个故事有任何影响。而且最为重要的是，这真的是一个脱离雅思考试，脱离题目的一个即使用中文跟朋友分享也是比较值得一听，有所感慨的故事，不是吗？这就是最后跟大家说的讲故事的标准。如果你的故事用中文说，都特别有意思，特别值得听，那么英文的实现，或者说针对雅思口语第二部分来说，只是一个简单的翻译工作罢了。

【 #英语口语# 导语】中国学生的应试水平很高，背功很厉害，然而面对雅思口语时却纷纷落败，虽然把应试技巧和指导铭记在心，也将雅思听力备考资料倒背如流，但是当真正需要自己表达的时候却束手无策，普遍得分很低。以下是 整理的雅思口语考试的相关知识点，欢迎阅读！

1.雅思口语考试的相关知识点

其实，尽管单靠背诵不能保证口试的成功，但是如果应对策略得当，也可以取得比较满意的分数的。这就要求所有的考生们要在考试之前做好准备的前提下，做出灵活机敏的反应。首先我们要了解一下雅思口语考试，它注重的是考生的英语(论坛)交际能力，目的是测试英语学习和生活的能力，英语的交际能力。这必然与交际过程中所运用的策略和技巧密切相关。因此，语言能力并非口语考试的成功。面试时要有个人的风格和特色，要处于放松状态。

如何在面试中运用自己有准备的材料，以免陷入被动的境地，也是一个相当重要的问题。面试过程中必然会出现考生未能准备的问题，如果考生对有准备的问题和未能准备好问题的回答语言表达(包括语言风格和流利程度)反差较大，考官首先就会对有准备的回答产生怀疑，认为由此判定考生的水平不可靠，往往未等考生说完便打断话题，接着转换到另一个话题上去，或者就考生回答的内容提的问题。被打断的次数越多，考试也就变得越被动。因此，考生在应试中对所背材料必须作技术处理，使整个面试过程保持整体一致性，从语言到表情动作，给考官一个自然而无斧凿之痕的印象(be natural)。

总之，影响雅思口语成绩的因素主要包括考生的英语口头表达能力、心理素质以及应试策略。可以说，口语在短时期内得到明显几乎是不可能的，因而考生的临场心理素质(包括应试心理和与说英语的人打交道的经验)和考生的交际策略与技巧成了应考的关键因素。可见，参加口试必须在各个方面都要做好充分的准备，才能立于不败之地。

2.雅思口语自我介绍的模板

雅思口语自我介绍范文1：

My name is ________. I am graduatefrom ________ seniorhigh school and major in ________. There are ________ people in my family. My father works in a computer company. And my mother is a housewife. I am the youngest one in my family.

In my spare time， I like to read novels. I think reading could enlargemy knowledge. As for novels， I could imagine whatever I like such as a well-known scientist or a kung-fu master. In addition to reading， I also like to play PC games. A lot of grownups think playing PC games hinders the students from learning. But I think PC games could motivate me to learn something such as English or Japanese.My favorite course is English because I think it is interesting to say one thing via different sounds. I wish my English could be improved in the next four years and be able to speak fluent English in the future.

雅思口语自我介绍范文2：

I am . I was born in . I graduate from senior high school and major in English. I started learning English since I was 12 years old. My parents have a lot of American friends. That’s why I have no problem communicating with Americans or others by speaking English.

In my spare time， I like to do anything relating to English such as listening to English songs， watching English movies or TV programs， or even attending the activities held by some English clubs or institutes. I used to go abroad for a short- term English study. During that time， I learned a lot of daily life English and saw a lot of different things.

I think language is very interesting. I could express one substanceby using different sounds. So I wish I could study and read more English literatures and enlarge my knowledge.

雅思口语自我介绍范文3：

My name is . There are 4 people in my family. My father is a Chemistryteacher. He teaches chemistry in senior high school. My mother is an English teacher. She teaches English in the university. I have a younger brother， he is a junior high school student and is preparing for the entrance exam.

I like to read English story books in my free time. Sometimes I surf the Internet and download the E- books to read. Reading E- books is fun. In addition， it also enlarges my vocabulary words because of the advanced technology and the vivid animations.

I hope to study both English and computer technology because I am interested in both of the subjects. Maybe one day I could combine both of them and apply to my research in the future.

3.雅思口语Part1之reading话题

1. Do you like reading?

Yes, I like reading a lot. I read all sorts of things, including novels, newspapers, magazines, and online articles.

2. Do you usually read for leisure or for work purposes?

Well, I have to do a certain amount of reading as part of my job, but I probably read more for enjoyment. I pick up a newspaper most days, and I usually have a book on the go.

3. What was your favourite book or story when you were a child?

The first book that I remember really enjoying was '..........'. It only took me a few days to read because I liked it so much that I couldn't put it down.

4. Do you think it's important that children read regularly?

Definitely. I think reading is possibly the most important skill that children learn. The ability to read opens the door to all aspects of education.

4.雅思口语Part2之describe a school

Describe a school that you went to when you were a child. You should say

where the school was

when you went there

what the school and the teachers were like

and explain whether you enjoyed your time there.

5.练习雅思口语发音的方法

1. Listen to yourself

如果你听不到自己的发音问题，要纠正就很难了。试着把你将的话录下来并和英语为母语人士将的对比一下。应对雅思口语有效。

2. Slow down

英语学习者常说语速太快容易养成他们的坏习惯。由于太快而模糊不清是口语考试的大忌。所以我们要accuracy 然后才是fluency，每天操练一些基本语言以单音节开始，然后单词，把几个词连在一起，组成句子。这样你就能慢慢开始表达自己的思想了。

3. Picture it

闭上你的眼睛并在说出口之前想一想怎样发这个音。想象出口型和脸部动作。这个可以配合看电影来做，留意Hollywood的明星是怎么样一字一句的说出那些令人神魂颠倒的话语的。

4. Get physical

发音是个形体动作。要学会嘴巴的发声方法和移动肌肉的方式。每天集中训练几个音。你发this, thank, they,和little, wool等单词困难吗?试试发‘th’，将你的舌头放在齿间(不要咬住)并从口中吐气。感受气流从你的舌间吹过。

5. Watch yourself

站在镜子前查看当你发某些固定音时的嘴型，唇型和舌头的位置。和你看到的native speaker的发音对比!平时还可以把自己的发音模样录成video，仔细观察比较。

6.Copy the experts

听英语广播节目并看英语的电视节目和电影。尽量不要念字幕!模仿你所听到的，就算你还不肯定他们说的话。