雅思口语范文 skill sat写作分析三：结尾段

1.官方指南The Official ETS Study Guide (俗称OG）
作者：美国教育考试服务中心（ETS） 出版社：世界图书出版公司 定价：英语版98元 双语版68元

就像封面上说的"The People Who Make the Test" 是的,这就是ETS 自己出的考生必备权威辅导书.里面非常全面而系统的介绍了IBT的考试流程,出题方向,评分细则等对考生极为重要的考试细则.虽然题目不多,但都是真题,还有ETS的答题指导及从考生中收集的真实的口语录音及写作范文,非常宝贵.从少有的真题中体现了ETS 出题的风格,绝对是大家的必备材料.
难度系数:一般,比真题稍简单,但出题思路是最接近真题的.
使用指导:新手必备,绝对是值得大家反复研究的
推荐*双语版的,价格便宜,与英语版相比把一些原版中的指导性信息翻译成了中文，更适合基础一般的朋友。

2.Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL(R) Test : Next Generation (iBT) with CD-ROM and Answer Key（俗称Longman新托福教程，也简称为LPC）|
原著：Deborah_Phillips 译者：张春姿轮洪伟,戴云,许旭 出版册扒社：世界图书出版公司 定价：148元

配有8CD及一张模拟考试的光盘,书中针对考试的每一个部分,向考生提供了明确的应试步骤,还为考生提供了 如何利用好光盘 还有具体学习书中资料所需的大致时间,非常细心,不过和真实考试的题目相比来说是简单了一些,而且有同学指出,在阅读部分还出现模凌两可的选项,尤其口语部分与考试相差异较大.不过此书带的模拟考试的光盘确实给大家适应机考提供了很好的帮助,考试界面基本和真实考试类似,考试时间的分配也是按照真实考试的标准的.-
难度系数:比IBT考试明显简单,尤其是口语部分和考试真题差异较大
使用指导:适合复习IBT入门用，推荐复习时间较长（4个月以上）且基础一般（CET4级左右）的朋友使用，建议此书使用时重点看客观题部分。多多使用模拟考试光盘,提高适应机考的能力

3.Delta's Key to the Next Generation Toefl Test: Advanced Skill Practice for the Ibt（俗称Delta新托福教程

作者：Nancy.Gallagher 出版社：世界图书出版公司 定价：98元

这也是我个人非常喜欢的一本书,和LANGMAN 一样 DELTA 也是针对每一部分做了专项的练习,还有大量综合练习,也有出题者的做题指导,以及使用该书的时间安排.是大家必备的冲刺材料啊~~!!
难度系数:比OG难,比真题稍简单,口语部分与真题及其接近,但写作部分较难,与ETS出题思路有出入.
使用指导:适合考前2－3个月时冲刺或者说作为强化训练用.

4.How to Prepare for the TOEFL iBT （俗称Barron新托福教程
作者：Pamela Sharpe Ph.D.
国内似乎还没有引进版,只能到国外网站购*了.我对这本书了解不多.下面是山版的描述:Barron出的IBT指导教材，目前用过的CDers不多，但反映此书的听力内容比较丰富，还有各种口音。整体题目难度上可能比考试略难（目前反馈信息太少，关于此书难度的信息仅供参考，也因为反馈不多，该书暂时不做重点推荐

5。TOEFL iBT with CD-ROM（俗称Kaplan新托福教程）
作者：Kaplan

kaplan出的IBT指导教材，据参加过IBT的考生们反映此书难度上高于IBT考试（主要是其中阅读题、听力题可能略难），模考软件的阅读题有小瑕疵（阅读题不像考试时会自动定位），但仍不失为一本不错的备考教材，在此做重点推荐，大陆地区尚未正式引进。2006年8月推出了新版2007-2008 Edition
难度系数:较难,摧残自信,传说中与加试的题目难度相似.
使用指导:因为难度高于真题,大家如果受了打击也别太难过,如果已能轻松驾驭,那到了考试的时候大概就能无敌了吧.

(6)新托福考试指南扒信及模拟试题
作者：泰德时代新托福考试研究中心
出版社：中国人民大学出版社 定价：128元
泰德出的综合培训教材，属于泰德的“考前冲刺系列”。我粗略浏览过，其中主要是对新托福各项考试的介绍，并提供相应的模拟题和解题介绍，同样附赠光盘。

托福考试资料及书籍如下锋蚂稿：
(1) The Official ETS Study Guide (俗称OG） 【必备资料】
作者：美国教育考试服务中心（ETS） 出版社：世界图书出版公 定价：英语版98元 双语版68元
ETS自己出的官方指南应该是目前最权威的备考材料了，题目虽然不多，但指导性、权威性应该是此书的最大亮点。据参加过IBT的朋友们反映此书还是很有用的，考试题目风格，难度都与之非常接近（阅读和听力比考试真题稍简单一些，口语和作文和考试很接近）。建议将此书的阅读和听力反复做几遍，吃透，并体会出题思路，口语和作文的录音、范文是非常有价值的参考资料，建议多听多看，认真体会，学习。
(2) Longman PreparationCourse for the TOEFL(R) Test : Next Generation (iBT) with CD-ROM andAnswer Key（俗称Longman新托福教程，也简称为LPC） 【推荐】
原著：Deborah_Phillips 译者：张洪伟,戴云,许旭 出版社：世界图书出版公司
Longman出的IBT指导教材，使用过的朋友们对此教材评价尚可，难度上比IBT考试明显简单，适合复习IBT入门用，推荐复习时间较长（4个月以上）且基础一般（CET4级左右）的朋友使用，不过这套教材的主观题部分，尤其是口语部分和考试真题有一定差异，建议此书使用时重点看客观题部分。大陆地区已经由新东方引进，中文名称是《新托福考试综合教程》。
(3) Delta's Key to the Next Generation Toefl Test: Advanced Skill Practice for the Ibt（俗称Delta新托福教程） 【必备资料】
作者：Nancy.Gallagher 出版社：世界图书出版公司
托福复习备考：
第一个关键是：单词量一定要强。
首先我们知道，新托福的单词比过去的老托福有明显增加的趋向。过去老托福阅读文章只有350字每篇，新托福增加到700字每篇，对词汇的考察仍然是重头戏，词汇占的比重应该是所有阅读题目的1/4左右，如果我们在单词这一关有一个很好的突破的话，对于考新托福是非常有帮助的，新托福阅读最低标准也要求我们有8千左右的词汇量，这样的词汇量对同学们在美国读大一的时候的学习很有帮助，同学们所看的一般的、泛泛的文章不会有阅读上的障碍。
第二个关键：听力能力要强
第二个关键对中国考生来说，听力一定要强，而且一定要超强才可以。在网站上可以看到很多同学的高分心得。在这些同学的备考过程中，我们发现一个特点，几乎所有的高分同学，听力一定是非常的强的，为什么呢?因为新托福中有四科，其中有三科主要考察我们听力的能力。
第三个关键：记笔记的能力是托福考察的重点
第三个能力也是托福成功备考的关键之一。为什么这么说呢?因为听力一般听一段就5、6分钟过去了，听得过程中没有题目出现，说完这几分钟以后才给你题让你去答题，在听的过程当中要大量的记笔记，然后根据你的笔记再去回答问题的话，你会回答得非常专业。口语也是一样的，口语尤其考察你记笔记的能力，因为口语银孝的3、4、5、6题，都需要记笔记。3、4、5、6题要求我们综合听力、阅读的内容去口头回答问题，即读听说综合在一起，无论对阅读材料还是听力材料都需要我们记笔记的能力非常非常强。
包括在写作当中也是一样的，作文部分的综合写作，要求我们阅读一篇文章，听一篇文章然后再写，因此，如果笔记记得比较好的话，对写作是很有帮助的。所以我们发现，其实攻克新托福的关键在于听力要好，词汇量要大，再就是迅速提高自己记笔记的能力，做到这些，新托福的高分其实是有路可寻的。
记笔记的能力不仅是考托福的一个非常重要的能力，也是在美国大学能够成功的生存下去的必备能力，为什么呢?因为多数的中国同学到美国去以后，前三个月都是一个艰苦的适应期，说不太多，写也写不明白，听教授讲还听不太懂，所以很多的中国学生就拿一个小录音笔，教授讲，他录，回去再听，很痛苦的三个月的适应期。
最后一个关键点：模考 VS TPO
第四个关键点就是考前一定要做模考，因为听说读写各个分项的提高大家只要有合理的规划就不会有问题。而考前的模考对物笑托福高分是非常关键的，所以我们也几乎把海外发行的权威的考试辅导教材全部都引进过来了，我们可以利用这些书大量的做模考。
除了这个模考之外，大家可以上ETS的网站找一个产品，叫TPO，这个模考题大概*30几美金，这些题目对我们来说是特别宝贵的，为什么呢?ETS的托福模考题其实就是过去考过的真题，所以很多同学考完了以后，发现模考的分数和实际分数差不多，因为它跟实际的托福考试的难度是一模一样的。并且TPO是上机进行考试，这样就给广大参加考试的同学提供了上机操作和实战的机会。

14.Clothes
What do you think of clothes? What clothes do you like?
What clothes do you wear when you are working/in school?
what is the different between the older and younger people on clothes?
what are the differences between cloths worn in the past and at present?
What are advantages/disadvantages of wearing uniform? Describe the clothes you wear on special occasions?
15.Reading / Magazine / Newspapers Did you read a lot in your childhood? What kind of books do you love reading? Why do you think people now read less? How do you get your news? What kind of news do you like?
Describe a book you read in your childhood
Describe your favorite newspaper or magazine
You should say
What is it?
What does it contain?
How often do you read it?
And explain why it is your favorite newspaper or magazine.
16.Emails (and Letters)
Do you like writing to people?
How often do you write an email or a letter?
Who do you write to?
Do you often write letters?
Who do you write to? (by letter)
Which do you prefer, to write a letter or write an email? (Why? Compare them.)
17. Describe your future plan/what should you do in the future.
You should say:
What do you plan to learn in the future?
Why do you want to learn it?
Where and how will you learn it?
18. Do you like music?
Do you think music is important?
What kind of music do you enjoy most? How long do you listen to music everyday? Have you learned to play any musical instrument? Can you play any musical instrument? And what’s it?
19. FRIENDS
What does friendship mean to you?
Do you have a lot of friends?
Do you prefer to be alone or to be with friends?
What do you usually do with your friends?
20. Driving
Do you often drive?
Is it necessary to learn driving?
Is it important to drive well?
When would you allow your children to drive?
Describe a skill- driving.
21.Holiday Do you like holidays? What did you do last holiday? Which country would you like to go to?
22. What do you do in your leisure time?
What relaxation do people around you like?
What kind of activities do people of your country do for relaxation?
Why do people need leisure? Describe a leisure activity
23. An intelligent/*art person/man who? When did u meet? where? why do you think he/she is intelligent?
24.Food What kinds of food are popular in your country? What is your favorite food ? What’s your favorite food when you were a child? Can you cook? Do you like cooking? Who cooks in your family? Have there been any changes to Chinese food these years? Would you like to try a new food that you have never tried before? 新增：Describe a person who is good at cooking/Describe a cooking skill

25.Bicycle Do you ever ride a bicycle? What do you use a bicycle for? Would you say it's difficult to learn to ride a bicycle? Why do children enjoy riding bicycles? Are bicycles popular in China or in your hometown?
Has the number of bicycle riders in China changed much in the past few years?
How old were you when you first learned to ride a bicycle?
What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of bicycles compared to cars?
Would you say bicycles are suitable for people of all ages?

Part 2-3
1. Describe a science class you have attended/Describe your favorite (science) subject/Describe a school that you went to
Where it is or was
When you study or studied there
What you remember about it (briefly)
And explain why you remember it more than other schools.
2. Keep fit/ Health（Part 1-3）
Describe a good thing that can improve your heath.
what it is, when did you have it. whether you like it，and explain what do you think this thing is.
children should improve their health?
-what do you think should help children to improve their health.
-How people improve their health in their life?
--Do you think advertisement should play role in improving public health?
3.Describe a wild animal/your favorite animal
What the animal is
How you know about it
What special features it has
And explain why you like such an animal so much.
4. Describe a public event you have attended
what the event was ,when you went there ,whom you went there with
and explain why you enjo this event.
5.Describe your favourite way to relax
What it is and where you like to relax
When is the best time for you to relax
How you like to relax (i.e. activity)
And explain why you like this type of relaxation so much.
6.Describe a foreign celebrity/famous person that you would like to meet
who this person is
how you first learned about him or her
how/why this person is famous
and explain what you would say to this person.
7.Describe a person who influenced you
When and how did you get to knoe him/her?
What is his/her appearance and personality ?
And explain what effect he/she had on you.
8. Describe your favorite park/garden.
Where it is
What can be seen there
How often you go there
And explain why you like it.
9．Describe a historical place
where it was ,what you saw at this site (or, what it looked like), what role it played in history,how you first learned about this place and explain what interested you about that place.

10.Describe a recent event that made you feel happy/Describe a public event.
You should say:
what the event was
when and where it happened
who participated in this event
what you saw or did
and explain why this event was so enjoyable.
Or explain why you remember this event so well.
11．Weather ,Climate ,season
Describe your favorite season or time of the year.
You should say:
what season it is
what the weather is like at this time
what people usually do at this time (or, what you usually do)
and explain what is special about that season.
part2：最喜欢的season or time in a year（when？why like？do what？）
part3：人们喜欢冷天还是热天？why？
你怎么知道天气变得cold or hot？
冷的地方与热的地方 都有什么好处和坏处？
（总之p3都是围绕冷热谈的）

12.Describe An Interesting Lecture or Speech
Describe an interesting lecture or speech that you heard.
You should say:
when you heard it
where you heard it
what the lecture or speech was about
and explain what influence or effect this lecture or speech had on you.
13.Describe a course you want to learn if you had time.（新增）
Why do you want to learn the course? How will helpful will the course?
15. Describe a practical skill you have learned recently.
Or Describe a skill or language you would like to learn.
You should say:
What the skill or language would be
Where you would like the lessons
What style you would like the teacher to have
And explain why such a skill would be so important in your life.
Why do you want to learn the course? How will helpful will the course?
16. Clothing What kind of clothes do you like? What’s the difference between the opinions of men and women on clothes? Do you like buying clothes? Do you often wear formal or informal clothes? Do you think that color is important when you buy clothes?

17. Describe a toy that you enjoyed playing with in your childhood.
You should say:
what it looked like
how you got this toy
what you did with this toy
and explain why you enjoyed playing with this toy.
18. Describe your future plan/what should you do in the future.
You should say:
What do you plan to learn in the future?
Why do you want to learn it?
Where and how will you learn it?
19. FestivalWhat are some important festivals in your country?
How do people celebrate them? What role does the media play in festivals, do you think? How may globalization affect different festivals around the world? Describe a traditional Chinese festival.
20. A Traffic Jam Describe a time when you were caught in a traffic jam. -`when it happened
where it happened, how you passed the time while waiting
and explain how you felt when you were in that traffic jam. When do traffic jams usually happen? What are the causes of traffic jams?
Compare traveling by car and traveling by bus.
Do you think the problem of traffic congestion will be eased in the future or will it become worse? What would you suggest as possible solutions to the problem of congested traffic?
21．Describe an advertisement that persuaded you to buy a product.
You should say:
What kind of advertisement it was
When and where you saw (or heard) this advertisement
What product you bought
Explain how this advertisement persuaded you to buy that product
22.Describe a famous person that you admire.
You should say:
Who the person is and where he/she lives
What the person does
The things you admire about this person
And explain what you think people can learn from this person.

sat写作到底该怎么分析？

开宗明义： 套路 。

但我们先得迹镇明白为什么写SAT文章需要套路。道理很简单，没有套路，大多数学生都是瞎写一通，即使整篇文章写完自我感觉良好，好似行云流水，把该说的都说了，基本上分数都只能在5／5／5到6／6／6晃悠，想要那更高的分数，必须学习写作套路。

sat写作分析二：主体段

SAT官方并没有规定文章要写几个主体段，从官方给出的范文和学生考试的反馈来看，两到三段是比较合适的。与开头段写作类似，大家在创作主体段时也要认真把握每一个得分点：

• 段落定位：准确描述技巧所在文章和段落位置

• 点明技巧：简单直白地点明作者使用的技巧
  

• 解释说明：运用同义句转化（paraphrase）和总结主干内容（summary），直接引用关键词（inference）的方法解释技巧在段落内是如何使用的

• 解释作用：从主旨，读者，结构三个角度分析技巧使用带来的作用，前两个角度是必须要写的，第三个角度如果没有具体体现可以省略。

接下来我教大家一步一步写好主体段。

1. 如何写段落定位句？

段落定位句只要写清楚技巧点出现的位置就可以了。

In the (first/second…) paragraph(s),

Throughout the passage,

2. 如何写点明技巧句？

the author/Writer’s last name + uses (skill技巧名) to (describes/narrates/lists/*yzes/defines/establishes/express) + (main idea of this section of the text 分析文本的主旨).

3. 如何写解释说明句？

点名技巧后要向考官详细展示该技巧点是如何在段落内使用的。解释技巧部分不宜过长，通常三到五句个句子即可。得分的关键是要有技巧性将原文关键信息用直接引用的方式穿插到同义句转化或总结概括的文本当中，三者缺一不可。直接引用的比例不要太高，尽量只选取几个关键单词或者短语，最多一句话，引用内容不要超过全部文本的10%。

单独使用同义句转化，总结概括，直接引用这三个手段中某一个难度都不大。但是想写出高分SAT写作文章大家一定要做到将三者巧妙地融合在一起。例如：

The author starts to talk about how we now rely on social media for our world news. He again backs up his claim that we need more “professional” foreign coverage in the United States. He explains how common people are providing the news. This may make for “speculation, propaganda, and other white noise into the mix.”

上文中两处直接引用部分都作为句意的重要部分插入到句子中，没有明显拼接的痕迹。 这里的秘诀就是尽量不要使用类似the author says／uses／describes“…”这样的初级语句将直接引用的内容与其他部分割裂开，错误示范如下：

Goodman uses evidence to support his claims that coverage of foreign news is dwindling. Goodman says “20 American news organizations had entirely eliminated their foreign bureaus.” He also explains “in the summer of 2021, the count had dropped to 234”

在直接引用原文时要注意以下标点符号的使用规则：

• 当引用内容位于句中时，且后面要加逗号时，逗号应放在引号内。

He enjoys “being the shining star,” and hates to be isolated.

• 当引用内容位于句中或句末时，且后面要加句号时，句号应放在引号内。

He enjoys “being the shining star in the group.”

• 当引用内容中又有引号时，后者变为 单引号 。

He enjoys “being the ‘shining star’ in the group.”

• 当引用内容为完整句子时，句首单词首字母要大写。

He says, “Being the shining star is the most enjoyable moment.”

• 当引用内容中有 人称代词 时，需要重新替换以避免歧义，并使用 方括号 【】进行改写。

He describes a scenery where “I [he] becomes the shining star in the group.”

4. 如何写解释作用句？

主旨作用句集中强调技巧对于作者的主旨的传达和展开有何帮助，一般用来传递作者的态度或写作意图；读者作用句解释该技巧对于读者的影响，或者读者读完该技巧的心理感受；结构作用句阐明技巧对于整篇文章段落之间衔接或者文章整体的推进作用。前两个技巧是必写的，最后一个作用可以省略，视具体情况而定。如下是解释作用句常用句型，请大家结合第二章中每节的常用句型，熟读并在写作时灵活借鉴使用。

新SAT写作主体段的展开主要采用以下三种方法：

方法一：常规法

1．主体段一：主要阐述文章中Evidence是如何建立文章可信度的（credibility）。但是要注意虽然Anecdote归类为Evidence，但是它主要作用在于抒情（emotional appeal），不建议在Evidence段中讨论。

2．主体段二：主要阐述文章中Reasoning是如增强文章逻辑性的（logic）。重点放在Cause-Effect，Comparison-Contrast，Concession。Classification因为分析价值低，不作为写作重点。

3．主体段三：主要阐述文章中Rhetorical Methods是如何强化文章情感色彩的（emotion）。其中Anecdote用诉诸情感(emotional appeal)的角度进行分析。

方法二：简易法

1．主体段一：主要阐述文章中Evidence和Reasoning是如何增加文章可信度(credibility)和逻辑性的(logic)。这种方法即将Evidence和Reasoning结合起来一起分析，通常用于文章Evidence或者Reasoning某一项技巧点出现频率比较低，很难单独成段分析的情况。建议以Reasoning为主线，Evidence为辅助进行分析。

2．主体段二：主要阐述文章中Rhetorical Methods是如何强化文章情感色彩的（emotion）。其中Anecdote用诉诸情感(emotional appeal)的角度进行分析。

方法三：经典法

1. 主体段一：主要阐述文章中Ethos的使用，即作者如何树立自己的权威和道德形象。

2. 主体二：主要阐述文章中Logos的使用，即作者如何有技巧地使用Evidence和Reasoning来增加文章的逻辑性和可信度。

3. 主体段三：主要阐述文章中各类技巧对于作者情感表达和读者情感的影响，主要集中于各类修辞和某些具有强烈感*彩的Evidence，比如某些打动人的Anecdote。

sat写作分析一：开头段

万事开头难，作文如何开头难倒不少 英雄好汉 。我在平时教学中也经常碰到学生开头段有的草草了事，有的长篇大论，其实归根结底就是没有掌握正确的方法。经过分析市面上所有的高分范文，我发现所有的高分开头都一个共性，它们总能准确地把握住评分标准中要求的四个得分点：

• 话题背景 ：简单阐述话题发生的背景情况，非必要

• 文章主旨 ：说明文章的讨论对象和作者的写作目的， 必要

• 行文技巧 ：总结挑选出来的值得分析的 写作技巧 ， 必要

• 目标受众 ：指出这篇文章的目标受众或听众，非必要

大家的开头要符合以下要点：

• 结构完整 ：开头得分点必要成分必须齐全

• 论述具体 ：主旨句和技巧句一定要全面和准确

• 语言简洁 ：语言切忌罗嗦，特别是背景句尽量不要超过2句话

那么该怎样才能写好开头段呢？需要知道以下几点：

1. 如何写话题背景句？

背景句的写法非常多样，比如 名人名言 法，钩子法，社会现象法，大家姿胡粗可以参照 托福 写作开头写法灵活选择。背景句要做到第一时间吸引读者，顺利过渡到主旨句，切忌长篇累牍，哗众取宠。背景句不是必要成分，不写也不会影响大家的文章最终得分。

2. 如何写文章主旨句？

我建议大家写 主旨句掌握 WOSP原则 ：W即Writer，作者的名字；O即Occasion，文章的标题；S即Subject，文章的讨论或者描述对象；P即Purpose，作者的写作目的。大家可以参照以下模板句进行套路练习：

Writer：（Writer’s credentials, if any作者的身份，如果有的话就写，比如美国前总统）+ (Writer’s first and last name 作者的姓名)

Occasion: in his/her (title of the text文章的标题)

Subject:describes/narrates/lists/*yzes/defines/establishes/expresses/recounts+(Writer’s subject文章的讨论或者描述对象)

Purpose: (Writer’s last name作者的做塌姓)’s purpose is to (what the writer does in the text作者的写作目的).

主旨句常用词汇和句型：

• “使用”系列词汇

use/utilize/employ/resort to/refer to/make an effective use of v.使用

The author makes an effective uses of statistics, connections to social media as well as using specific diction to establish his argument.

• “说服”系列词汇

persuade/convince v. 说服，劝服

(1) persuade/convince * to do sth

By using anecdote, the author tries to persuade/convince the readers to believe that American news organizations should increase the amount of professional foreign reporting.

(2) persuade/convince * of sth

By using anecdote, the author tries to persuade/convince the readers of the urgency for American news organizations to increase the amount of professional foreign reporting.

(3) persuade/convince * that

By using anecdote, the author tries to persuade/convince the readers that American news organizations should increase the amount of professional foreign reporting.

• “表达”系列词汇

build/give/deliver/construct/establish/convey v. 传达，表达

The author adeptly constructs his argument by using hard facts, logic reasoning and various types of persuasive elements.

小窍门：在写文章主旨的时候建议参考文末Prompt，会有意想不到的惊喜。

3. 如何写行文技巧句？

行文技巧句建议大家用最简单直白的语句，大家可以参照以下模板句进行套路练习：

He/She effectively conveys this argument by using (skill 1), (skill 2) and (skill 3).

4.如何写目标受众句？

大家可以通过文章标题和出处锁定粗略锁定文章的目标受众。新SAT写作文章大部分摘自美国主流报刊杂志，因此手中通常是美国大众。但也不排除会有特殊情况，大家还要结合文章内容具体分析。目标受众句非必要成分，大家可以参照以下模板句进行套路练习：

His/Her primary audience would be…

当大家熟练掌握开头段得分点以及基本套路后可以根据个人偏好进行个性化修改。字数大概控制在40字到100字之间。时间控制在3分钟内。

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