2021年5月18号雅思阅读复习资料

考日期：

2021 年 5 月 18 日

Reading Passage 1

Title:

Mobile Phones and Driving 开车接*的危害

Question types:

简答题；

TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN （ 7 题）

文章内容回顾

有四个实验，个实验好像是说都以为开车接*不好，但到底有多不好还不知道，所以就有开始做实验，发现确实有 212 毫秒的误差；二个实验是说，让实验者 repeat 听到的东西，发现确实情况更加糟糕；三个实验是说如果有人跟司机交谈，会不会也造成这种情况，然后实验结果发现如果讨论的是相关话题，司机反而会全神贯注；四个实验不太清楚。然后后两段讲这样做了之后的社会效应，和对开车打*的惩罚。

英文原文阅读

The scientific literature on the dangers of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone, or texting while driving , is limited. A simulation study at the Monash University Accident Research Centre has provided strong evidence that both retrieving and, in particular, sending text messages has a detrimental effect on a number of critical driving tasks. Specifically, negative effects were seen in detecting and responding correctly to road signs, detecting hazards, time spent with eyes off the road, and (only for sending text messages) lateral position. Surprisingly, mean speed, speed variability, lateral position when receiving text messages, and following distance showed no difference. A separate, yet unreleased simulation study at the University of Utah found a sixfold increase in distraction-related accidents when texting.

The low number of scientific studies may be indicative of a general assumption that if talking on a mobile phone increases risk, then texting also increases risk, and probably more so. Market research by Pinger , a company selling a voice-based alternative to texting reported that 89% of U.S. *s think that text messaging while driving is "distracting, dangerous and should be outlawed." The AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety has released polling data that show that 87% of people consider texting and e-mailing while driving a "very serious" safety threat, almost equivalent to the 90% of those polled who consider drunk driving a threat. Despite the acknowledgement of the dangers of texting behind the wheel, about half of drivers 16 to 24 say they have texted while driving, compared with 22 percent of drivers 35 to 44.

Texting while driving received greater attention in the late 2000s, corresponding to a rise in the number of text messages being sent. Over a year approximately 2,000 teens die from texting while driving. Texting while driving attracted interest in the media after several highly publicized car crashes were caused by texting drivers, including a May 2009 incident involving a Boston trolley car driver who crashed while texting his girlfriend. Texting was blamed in the 2008 Chatsworth train collision which killed 25 passengers. Investigations revealed that the engineer of that train had sent 45 text messages while operating.

On July 27, 2009, the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute released preliminary findings of their study of driver distraction in commercial vehicles. Two studies, comprising about 200 long-haul trucks driving 3 million combined miles, used video cameras to observe the drivers and road; researchers observed "4,452 safety-critical events, which includes crashes, near crashes, crash-relevant conflicts, and unintended lane deviations." 81% of the safety critical events had some type of driver distraction. Text messaging had the greatest relative risk , with drivers being 23 times more likely to experience a safety-critical event when texting. The study also found that drivers typically take their eyes off the forward roadway for an average of four out of six seconds when texting, and an average of 4.6 out of the six seconds surrounding safety-critical events.

题型难度分析

根据考生反映，篇不是很难。

题型技巧分析

是非无判断题是雅思阅读考试的经典题型，先应该注意看清是 TRUE 还是 YES, 本篇是 TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN

解题步骤：

1. 速读问题的句子，找出考点词（容易有问题的部分）。考点词：比较，高，数据（时间），程度副词，特殊形容词，对化的词（ only, most, each, any, every, the same as 等）

2. 排除考点词，在余下的词中找定位词，去原文定位。

3. 重点考察考点词是否有提及，是否正确。

TRUE 的原则是同义替换，至少有一组近义词。

FALSE 是题目和原文截然相反，不可共存，通常有至少一组反义词。

NOT GIVEN 原文未提及，不做任何推断，尤其多考察题目的主语等名词在原文是否有提及。

雅思复习资料推荐原文练习

剑 4 Test 1 Passage 1

剑 5 Test 3 Passage 1

Reading Passage 2

Title:

两种蚂蚁的分类（ V090711/V120428 旧文）

Question types:

Multiple Choice;

Which paragraph contains the following information;

Detail Matching

文章内容回顾

讲一种蚂蚁和真菌共生。先讲它们的一些基本情况，然后说这类蚂蚁其实也有很多分类，比如说 A 和 B, 然后用一段在讲 A 和 B 的区别。然后就有科学做实验，因为发现了这类共生的真菌基因的特性正在降低。有个人做实验，但限于当时的分子生物学技术，他没有成功，但指明了一些方向。后来人们发现共生菌有个宿敌，是某种病毒，事实上是病毒驱使共生蚂蚁和细菌成为现在这种情况的。

英文原文阅读

A nts are social insects of the family Formicidae (pron.: / f ? r ? m ? s ? d i? / ) and, along with the related wasps and bees , belong to the order Hymenoptera . Ants evolved from wasp-like ancestors in the mid- Cretaceous period between 110 and 130 million years ago and diversified after the rise of flowering plants . More than 12,500 out of an estimated total of 22,000 species have been classified. They are easily identified by their elbowed antennae and a distinctive node-like structure that forms a slender waist.

Ants form colonies that range in size from a few dozen predatory individuals living in *all natural cavities to highly organised colonies that may occupy large territories and consist of millions of individuals. Larger colonies consist mostly of sterile wingless females forming castes of "workers", "soldiers", or other specialised groups. Nearly all ant colonies also have some fertile males called "drones" and one or more fertile females called " queens ". The colonies sometimes are described as superorgani*s because the ants appear to operate as a unified entity, collectively working together to support the colony.

Ants have colonised almost every landmass on Earth . The only places lacking indigenous ants are Antarctica and a few remote or inhospitable islands. Ants thrive in most ecosystems and may form 15–25% of the terrestrial animal biomass . Their success in so many environments has been attributed to their social organisation and their ability to modify habitats, tap resources, and defend themselves. Their long co-evolution with other species has led to mimetic , commensal , parasitic , and mutualistic relationships.

Ant societies have division of labour , communication between individuals, and an ability to solve complex problems . These parallels with human societies have long been an inspiration and subject of study. Many human cultures make use of ants in cuisine, medication, and rituals. Some species are valued in their role as biological pest control agents. Their ability to exploit resources may bring ants into conflict with humans, however, as they can damage crops and invade buildings. Some species, such as the red imported fire ant , are regarded as invasive species , establishing themselves in areas where they have been introduced accidentally.

题型难度分析

根据考生回忆，这篇文章的话题相对较为熟悉，但还是有难度。

雅思复习资料推荐原文练习

剑 8 Test 4 Passage 2

Reading Passage 3

Title:

决策论

Question types:

Summary;

TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN

文章内容回顾

讲人们做决定的过程。有些人认为做复杂的决定似乎看起来更靠谱，但是前期的一些理论和实验却认为某些情况下快速做出决定反而更加靠谱，因为这个好像和复杂性无关，和大脑对其的反应有关。后来出现了一个叫 Dijskra 的人，一整页都在讲他的实验。评论认为虽然 Dijskra 后的结论很反直觉，但确实有合理性，然后又扯到一些政治在做决定的时候的事情。

英文原文阅读

Decision making can be regarded as the mental processes ( cognitive process ) resulting in the selection of a course of action among several alternative scenarios. Every decision making process produces a final choice . The output can be an action or an opinion of choice.

Human performance in decision terms has been the subject of active research from several perspectives.

From a psychological perspective, it is necessary to examine individual decisions in the context of a set of needs, preferences an individual has and values they seek.

From a cognitive perspective, the decision making process must be regarded as a continuous process integrated in the interaction with the environment.

From a normative perspective, the *ysis of individual decisions is concerned with the logic of decision making and rationality and the invariant choice it leads to.

Yet, at another level, it might be regarded as a problem solving activity which is terminated when a satisfactory solution is reached. Therefore, decision making is a reasoning or emotional process which can be rational or irrational , can be based on explicit assumptions or tacit assumptions . Decisions are likely to be involuntary and following the decision, we spend time *yzing the cost and benefits of that decision. This is known as "Rational Choice Theory," which encompasses the notion that we maximize benefits and minimize the costs.

One must keep in mind that most decisions are made unconsciously. Jim Nightingale, Author of Think Smart-Act Smart, states that "we simply decide without thinking much about the decision process." In a controlled environment, such as a classroom, instructors encourage students to weigh pros and cons before making a decision. However in the real world, most of our decisions are made unconsciously in our mind because frankly, it would take too much time to sit down and list the pros and cons of each decision we must make on a daily basis.[ citation needed ]

Logical decision making is an important part of all science-based professions, where specialists apply their knowledge in a given area to making informed decisions. For example, medical decision making often involves making a diagnosis and selecting an appropriate treatment. Some[ which? ] research using naturalistic methods shows, however, that in situations with higher time pressure, higher stakes, or increased ambiguities, experts use intuitive decision making rather than structured approaches, following a recognition primed decision approach to fit a set of indicators into the expert's experience and immediately arrive at a satisfactory course of action without weighing alternatives. Recent robust decision efforts have formally integrated uncertainty into the decision making process. However, Decision Analysis , recognized and included uncertainties with a structured and rationally justifiable method of decision making since its conception in 1964.

A major part of decision making involves the *ysis of a finite set of alternatives described in terms of evaluative criteria. “Information Overload” is when there is a substantial gap between the capacity of information and the ways we adapt. The overload of information can be related to problems processing and tasking, which impacts decision making. These criteria may be benefit or cost in nature. Then the problem might be to rank these alternatives in terms of how attractive they are to the decision maker(s) when all the criteria are considered simultaneously. Another goal might be to just find the best alternative or to determine the relative total priority of each alternative (for instance, if alternatives represent projects competing for funds) when all the criteria are considered simultaneously. Solving such problems is the focus of multi-criteria decision *ysis (MCDA) also known as multi-criteria decision making (MCDM). This area of decision making, although it is very old and has attracted the interest of many researchers and practitioners, is still highly debated as there are many MCDA / MCDM methods which may yield very different results when they are applied on exactly the same data. This leads to the formulation of a decision making paradox .

题型难度分析

本篇文章难度较大。

题型技巧分析

Summary 题，有顺序原则。

先关注 instruction 字数限制，有些题目在字数限制前，还有段落限制，告诉考生这个题目是针对哪个段落的。

其次，通读 summary, 并且划出关键词，主要包括名词，连接词，介词，不定冠词。

然后根据空格前后的信息，预测空格上的单词（单复数，可数与否，词性， -ing, -ed, 固定搭配等）

如果是有选项的摘要题，还要通读选项。

同时注意无选项的文章摘要题，在写答案的时候，单词一定要来自于文章中。